PEPAKEM: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam is a scientific journal published twice a year by the Islamic Constitutional Law Study Program, Faculty of Sharia, IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon. The scientific journal "Pepakem: Journal of Constitutional Law and Islamic Politics" invites all writers who have a concentration in the field of state law and Islamic politics, or whose focus is the study of constitutional law in general. PEPAKEM has been registered with e-ISSN: 3048-0930 for the online version. PEPAKEM is an open-access peer-reviewed journal that Focuses on offering a national academic platform for the study of state law and Islamic politics. This includes research, both normative-doctrinal and empirical articles. The scope of Pepakem includes [Constitutional Law], [State Administrative Law], [Legal Politics and Legislation], [Politics and Government], [Islam and State Administration], [Islam, Politics and Governance], [Islam and Political Thoughts].
TikTok sebagai Media Partisipasi Gen Z dalam Advokasi Perbaikan Jalan di Kabupaten Kuningan
The development of TikTok has expanded opportunities for public participation, particularly for Generation Z in expressing concerns about infrastructure services. This study examines the use of TikTok as a medium for Generation Z participation in advocating road improvements in Kuningan Regency and evaluates government responses from the perspective of responsive law. The study employed an empirical legal method using a socio-legal approach and qualitative design. Data were collected through content analysis of TikTok videos concerning damaged roads, semi-structured interviews with a representative of the Kuningan Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Office, and a review of legislation, government documents, and relevant literature. The data were analyzed thematically and chronologically by distinguishing digital visibility, communicative responses, administrative follow-up, policy commitments, and physical road improvements. The findings indicate that TikTok functions as an advocacy and amplification channel that can increase public attention and encourage an initial government response. However, virality cannot be directly regarded as the cause of accelerated road improvements because road handling remains influenced by road status, jurisdictional authority, technical verification, planning, and budget availability. From the perspective of responsive law, the government should integrate digital aspirations into formal complaint mechanisms so that every report is addressed transparently, fairly, and traceably rather than according to the popularity of online content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Ayu Anggraeni, Sarip Sarip, Nur Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intervensi Progresif Ombudsman terhadap Omission Pelayanan Persampahan di Kabupaten Bangka Selatan
The phenomenon of omission (failure to act) by the local government of South Bangka Regency in providing waste management services represents a critical challenge to public service integrity. This research evaluates the effectiveness of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia’s non-judicial intervention in addressing structural waste management failures that violate citizens' constitutional rights to a healthy environment. Employing a normative-juridical legal research method through statutory and conceptual approaches, this study utilizes primary legal materials consisting of regulations and the Ombudsman's Systemic Review investigation documents (2025–2026). The results prove that the omission in the region constitutes maladministration, specifically a failure to provide services and neglect of legal obligations, violating the General Principles of Good Governance. Facing this bureaucratic impasse, the Ombudsman’s Systemic Review intervention proved effective as a progressive legal instrument. The implementation of seven corrective suggestions by the local government successfully transformed three legal system pillars at the local level: substance (drafting local regulations), structure (establishing a Technical Implementation Unit for Waste Management), and legal culture (decentralizing village fund allocation and integrating environmental education). Non-judicial oversight by a state auxiliary organ is highly effective in compelling bureaucratic compliance and restoring public service obligations systematically without resorting to rigid formal court litigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kgs Chris Fither (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tinjauan Siyasah Dusturiyah Terhadap Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Kota Jayapura Nomor 12 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pengawasan Kualitas Air
This study examines the implementation of Jayapura City Regional Regulation Number 12 of 2007 on Water Quality Supervision in the management of a water source in Entrop Village and evaluates it from the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah. The study employed an empirical legal method using statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Primary data were collected through non-participant observation and interviews with the manager’s assistant, a household consumer, and a water-tanker driver, while secondary data were obtained from legislation, books, journal articles, and related documents. The data were analyzed qualitatively through reduction, categorization, legal interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that the water source has been utilized and distributed to the public at a relatively affordable price; however, the supervision process has not been supported by adequate documentation concerning laboratory results, testing parameters, examination frequency, the identity of the examining institution, and follow-up measures. The levy provisions contained in Regional Regulation Number 12 of 2007 can no longer serve as the legal basis for collection because they were revoked by Jayapura City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2012, while groundwater tax obligations must be determined under the current regulatory framework. From the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah, the management practice has fulfilled certain elements of public benefit and distributive justice, but it has not fully satisfied the principles of legal compliance, trustworthiness, transparency, accountability, public health protection, and environmental sustainability. This study recommends harmonizing government supervision, recognition of customary land rights, and administrative compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indah Nur Madaniah Latulusi, Zulfadli Zulfadli, Sabar Podu, Rahma Anugraheny, Lukman Ansar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 Tentang Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan Di Kabupaten Tabalong
Agricultural land conversion resulting from infrastructure development and increasing spatial demands potentially threatens the sustainability of food production in Tabalong Regency, one of the supporting regions of Indonesia’s new capital, Nusantara. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Tabalong Regency Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land and the factors influencing its implementation. This study employed a qualitative method with an empirical legal or socio-legal approach. Informants were purposively selected from regional government agencies responsible for agriculture and spatial planning and from farmers cultivating land within designated sustainable agricultural areas. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis and were examined using George C. Edward III’s policy implementation framework, comprising communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The findings demonstrate that the regulation has been implemented through the designation of sustainable food agricultural areas, the provision of agricultural production assistance, and supervision of land use. Nevertheless, its implementation remains suboptimal because policy dissemination is uneven, public understanding is limited, irrigation infrastructure and agricultural incentives are inadequate, land data are not fully integrated, supervision is inconsistent, and implementing regulations have not yet been issued. This study confirms that effective agricultural land protection cannot rely solely on land designation and conversion prohibitions but requires technical regulations, cross-sectoral coordination, economic support for farmers, integrated information systems, and participatory supervision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norliana Norliana, Ergina Faralita (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Penyelesaian Sengketa Informasi Publik pada Komisi Informasi Kota Cirebon
The constitutional right to information requires not only open public bodies but also an accessible and effective remedy when information requests are rejected or ignored. This study analyzes the legal mechanism and institutional effectiveness of public information dispute resolution at the Cirebon City Information Commission under Law Number 14 of 2008. It employs empirical legal research with statutory, conceptual, and institutional approaches. Primary data derive from institutional observation and field-practice information concerning information services, mediation, non-litigation adjudication, monitoring, and administrative support. Secondary legal materials include legislation, Information Commission regulations, official guidelines, and scholarly literature. The data are qualitatively analyzed using five indicators: accessibility, timeliness, procedural certainty, party compliance, and the practical effectiveness of decisions. The findings show that dispute resolution follows a structured sequence consisting of an information request, administrative objection, registration, preliminary examination, mediation, and non-litigation adjudication. The mechanism offers a simpler and more affordable forum than ordinary litigation. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is constrained by limited procedural literacy, uneven capacity of information officers, weak records management, non-attendance or lack of authority among public-body representatives, limited institutional resources, and dependence on courts when decisions are not voluntarily implemented. The study argues that effective dispute resolution requires preventive information services, strict and limited interpretation of exemptions, professional mediation, reasoned adjudication, digital administration, transparent publication of decisions, and systematic compliance monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sultan Pramudita, Wing Redy Prayuda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peranan Advokat Dalam Pendampingan Hukum E-Court dan Dampak Teknologi Terhadap Strategi Litigasi Pada Maskar Indonesia
This study aims to provide a deeper analysis of data collection techniques in scientific writing. In conducting research, data collection is a crucial step in obtaining the necessary information. Appropriate data collection techniques and valid research instruments play a crucial role in producing accurate and reliable data. The method used in compiling this scientific paper is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The type of research employed is library research. The results of this study include: First, legal aid is a free legal service provided to the underprivileged to fulfill human rights, covering state administrative, civil, and criminal cases. Based on Law Number 16 of 2011, aid recipients are those with economic limitations, and services are provided free of charge. Second, the implementation of e-Court at the Sumber Religious Court is considered effective in facilitating public access to litigation, especially during the pandemic. This system includes online trials (e-Litigation), electronic payments (e-Payment), and digital file management, saving costs and time, and reducing extortion. This ensures that the data obtained is sufficient and focused enough to make a meaningful contribution to the research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rifqi Naufal, Ahmad Khoiruddin, Andi Ardiyan Mustakim, Novi Fitriani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Program Cirebon Jeh Dalam Penyelenggaraan Smart Governance Di Kota Cirebon
Digital transformation in local government requires legal information services that are transparent, accurate, accessible, and responsive to public needs. This study examines the position and implementation of the Cirebon JEH program within smart governance in Cirebon City and identifies its constraints and optimization strategies. It employs empirical legal research using a socio-legal approach and a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with officials from the Legal Division of the Regional Secretariat and the Cirebon City Office of Communication, Informatics, and Statistics, and a review of legislation, policy documents, the Legal Documentation and Information Network, and program publications. The findings indicate that Cirebon JEH functions as a legal service ecosystem comprising JDIH, legal product dissemination, and the development of an Integrated Policy Formulation Coordination System. The program supports information disclosure, service efficiency, bureaucratic coordination, and the dissemination of local legal products. Nevertheless, its implementation remains stronger in one-way transparency than in meaningful public participation. Other constraints include an unclear program identity, limited information technology competence, inconsistent digital document quality, coordination problems, insufficient operational guidelines, and weak user-based evaluation. The study concludes that Cirebon JEH contributes to smart governance but requires institutional integration, information quality control, capacity building, and participatory channels with traceable government responses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fetty Zelia Fitriani, Akhmad Khalimy, Jefik Zulfikar Hafizd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penyalahgunaan Tramadol pada Remaja: Faktor Risiko, Dampak, dan Penegakan Hukum
Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic with legitimate medical uses but a significant potential for misuse, dependence, intoxication, and harmful interactions when consumed without medical supervision. This study analyzes the risk factors, health and psychosocial impacts, and legal framework governing tramadol misuse among adolescents in Indonesia. It employs normative legal research combined with a literature-review approach using statutory, conceptual, and socio-legal perspectives. Primary legal materials include Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority regulations on frequently misused medicines, and relevant pharmaceutical-control provisions. Secondary materials consist of scholarly books and journal articles on adolescent deviance, family counseling, peer influence, psychological consequences, and tramadol misuse. The materials are qualitatively analyzed through classification, comparison, and legal interpretation. The findings show that adolescent tramadol misuse is driven by peer pressure, easy access, curiosity, family conflict, stress, weak supervision, and the normalization of drug use within deviant subcultures. Its effects may include dependence, mood changes, impaired judgment, aggression, school disengagement, social isolation, and serious physical risks. Legally, tramadol is not automatically classified as a narcotic under the Narcotics Law; it is regulated as a prescription medicine and as a frequently misused medicine requiring strict pharmaceutical control. Therefore, users cannot simply be charged under narcotics provisions solely because they possess or consume tramadol. Criminal liability primarily concerns unlawful production, distribution, sale, or circulation of pharmaceutical products, while adolescents who misuse tramadol require health-oriented, child-protection, counseling, family, and restorative interventions. Effective policy must combine supply control, pharmacy supervision, online-market enforcement, school-based prevention, family counseling, and accessible treatment services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valya Ulitamanda, Edy Setyawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pembinaan Kepribadian dan Kemandirian Warga Binaan di Lapas Kelas I Cirebon
The Correctional System places rehabilitation programs as an instrument for improving inmates’ personal qualities and self-reliance while preparing them for social reintegration. This study examines the implementation of personality and self-reliance development programs, their contribution to empowerment and value internalization, and the constraints affecting their implementation at the Cirebon Class I Correctional Institution. It employs an empirical legal method with a socio-legal approach and a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews with correctional officers, instructors, program partners, and inmates, and a review of legislation, activity reports, and relevant literature. The data were analyzed through condensation, coding, categorization, triangulation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that personality development is implemented through religious, civic, educational, artistic, sports, and psychosocial activities. Self-reliance development is conducted through vocational training, handicrafts, garment production, weaving, agriculture, and cultivation programs. These activities contribute to improving skills, discipline, responsibility, cooperation, self-confidence, and readiness for social reintegration. Nevertheless, their implementation is still affected by limited technical personnel, facilities, program continuity, certification, institutional partnerships, and outcome evaluation. The study concludes that rehabilitation should move beyond an activity-based approach toward programs based on individual needs, measurable outcomes, human rights protection, and sustainable post-release support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dede Hilda Aulia Fadhilah, Samsudin Samsudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pelaksanaan Tugas dan Dukungan Sumber Daya Bagian Kesejahteraan Rakyat SETDA Majalengka
The People’s Welfare Section of the Regional Secretariat holds a strategic position in supporting policy formulation, inter-agency coordination, program facilitation, and the monitoring and evaluation of public welfare policies. This study examines the implementation of duties performed by the People’s Welfare Section of the Majalengka Regency Regional Secretariat and assesses the support provided by human resources and administrative technology. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with an organizational case study design. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis conducted in September 2024 and were analyzed through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the People’s Welfare Section has performed functions related to policy preparation, coordination, facilitation, administration, monitoring, and evaluation. Its institutional position is primarily supportive and coordinative rather than that of a direct technical implementer of education, health, social welfare, or public assistance programs. The section is supported by ten employees, comprising five civil servants and five non-civil-service personnel. However, the adequacy of staffing and task distribution still requires systematic job and workload analysis. Technological support has begun to be developed through a web-based administrative system, but its effectiveness cannot yet be established because the system remains under development. Organizational strengthening should therefore focus on task arrangement, staff competency development, procedural standardization, and the integration of technology into existing work processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Qotrunnada Munawaroh, Akhmad Nadirin, Am’mar Abdullah Arfan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas SIPP sebagai Instrumen Pengendalian Administrasi Perkara pada Pengadilan Negeri Cirebon Kelas IB
The digitalization of case administration is essential to establishing simple, prompt, transparent, and accountable judicial services. This study aims to analyze the implementation and effectiveness of the Case Tracking Information System (SIPP) as an instrument for controlling case administration at the Cirebon District Court Class IB and to identify the constraints affecting its implementation. The study employs an empirical legal method with a socio-legal approach and a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through direct observation, semi-structured interviews with court personnel involved in using and supervising SIPP, and a review of legislation, Supreme Court policies, administrative documents, and previous studies. The data were interactively analyzed through condensation, categorization, presentation, triangulation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that SIPP supports the integrated recording, updating, tracking, and monitoring of case administration. Its effectiveness is reflected in improved timeliness, completeness, accuracy, traceability, and transparency of case data. Nevertheless, its implementation remains affected by differences in users’ technological competence, workload, network stability, hardware conditions, technical disruptions, and inconsistencies between digital information and source documents. The study concludes that SIPP’s effectiveness depends on the integration of a reliable system, competent users, clearly assigned responsibilities, systematic data verification, adequate technical support, and continuous administrative monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Hawa, Mohammad Rana, Jefik Zulfikar Hafizd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Independensi dan Akuntabilitas Kejaksaan dalam Struktur Ketatanegaraan Indonesia
The Prosecutor’s Office occupies a distinctive position as a government institution exercising state authority in prosecution while performing functions related to judicial power. This institutional arrangement raises questions concerning prosecutorial independence and accountability within Indonesia’s constitutional structure. This study examines the constitutional position of the Prosecutor’s Office, the adequacy of safeguards for prosecutorial independence, and an appropriate accountability model following the amendment to the Prosecutor’s Office Law, Constitutional Court Decision Number 6/PUU-XXII/2024, and the enactment of the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, historical, case, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were qualitatively analyzed through grammatical, systematic, historical, and teleological interpretation. The findings demonstrate that Law Number 11 of 2021 strengthened the institutional basis for the independent exercise of prosecutorial functions, while the Constitutional Court decision reinforced the political neutrality required of the Attorney General. The 2025 Criminal Procedure Code further strengthens the public prosecutor’s role as the controller of criminal proceedings under the principle of dominus litis. Nevertheless, prosecutorial independence remains affected by the appointment and dismissal of the Attorney General, hierarchical instructions, career management, conflicts of interest, and organizational culture. The study concludes that the most realistic model is to retain the Prosecutor’s Office as a government institution while strengthening its functional independence through transparent instructions, a merit-based career system, publicly accountable prosecution guidelines, and multilayered oversight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winda Hamidah, Leliya Leliya, Mabruri Andatu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mutasi dan Rotasi Kerja ASN di Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI: Implikasi terhadap Kinerja dan Kepuasan Kerja
Job transfers and rotations are instruments of civil service management used to meet organizational needs, develop competencies, and sustain performance. However, such policies may generate dissatisfaction when they are perceived as punishment, mismatch employees’ competencies, or are implemented without transparent procedures. This study analyzes the implementation of job transfers and rotations and their implications for civil servants’ performance and job satisfaction at the Secretariat General of the People’s Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia. It employs a qualitative empirical case-study approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews with officials and staff in the human resources unit, and analysis of personnel documents and relevant regulations. The data were examined through condensation, presentation, and conclusion drawing using the merit system, work design, and organizational justice as analytical frameworks. The findings show that transfers and rotations are used to align competencies with positions, fill organizational needs, broaden work experience, and reduce monotony. These policies can improve adaptability, cross-unit knowledge, and performance, but may reduce job satisfaction when the reasons for reassignment, selection criteria, and transition support are not adequately communicated. Their effectiveness therefore depends on competency fit, procedural transparency, employee readiness, and post-placement evaluation. This study proposes a four-stage implementation framework consisting of merit-based planning, transparent decisions, transition support, and outcome evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh Fajar Siddiq, Kusdiyana Kusdiyana, Theguh Saumantri, Gumilar Irfanullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengelolaan Arsip Perkara Digital melalui SIPP di Pengadilan Agama Sumber
Digital case-file management is essential for efficient, transparent, and accountable judicial administration. This study analyzes the implementation and legal governance of digital case archives through the Case Tracking Information System (SIPP) at the Sumber Religious Court. It employs empirical legal research with statutory, conceptual, and institutional approaches. Primary data derive from institutional observation and an interview with an archival staff member, while secondary materials consist of legislation, archival regulations, Supreme Court guidelines, SIPP manuals, and scholarly literature on electronic records and judicial administration. The data are qualitatively analyzed through five dimensions: authenticity and integrity, accessibility and retrievability, security and confidentiality, institutional capacity, and continuity of records management. The findings show that SIPP improves the speed of retrieval, supports case monitoring, reduces dependence on physical storage, and strengthens public access to procedural information. Nevertheless, implementation still faces unstable internet connections, server limitations, inconsistent document formats, software errors, uneven staff competence, resistance to digital work patterns, and the absence of sufficiently detailed internal procedures. From a legal perspective, SIPP data must be managed as electronic archives under Law Number 43 of 2009, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2012, and National Archives Regulation Number 6 of 2021. Effective management requires clear standard operating procedures, role-based access, metadata consistency, backup and disaster recovery, periodic audit, staff training, and integration between electronic records and original case files.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Astuti, Asep Saepulloh, Jefik Zulfikar Hafizd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pendampingan Advokat terhadap Tersangka dan Terdakwa Perkara Korupsi oleh IKADIN Cirebon
Legal representation by advocates is essential to protecting the rights of corruption suspects and defendants and ensuring a fair criminal justice process. This study aims to analyze the legal assistance provided by members of the Cirebon branch of the Indonesian Advocates Association (IKADIN) to suspects and defendants in corruption cases and to assess its conformity with the principles of due process of law, the presumption of innocence, and Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. This study employs an empirical legal method with a socio-legal approach and a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with IKADIN Cirebon administrators and advocates, along with an examination of ethically accessible case documents, court decisions, and relevant legislation. The data were qualitatively analyzed through data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawing by examining the fulfillment of clients’ rights, advocates’ professional actions, organizational support, and obstacles to legal representation. The findings indicate that advocates’ assistance includes explaining clients’ rights, examining the legality of law enforcement measures, accompanying clients during questioning, analyzing indictments and evidence, preparing legal defenses, and advising clients on available legal remedies. Its implementation, however, continues to face challenges arising from the complexity of evidentiary issues in corruption cases, limited specialized competence, restricted access to clients and documents, uncertain financing, and public stigma. Strengthening legal representation requires professional service standards, training on the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code, team-based case management, pro bono services, ethical supervision, and interinstitutional coordination without compromising advocates’ independence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febia Putri Mulyana, Sugianto Sugianto, Saiful Ansori, Qisthi Fauziyyah Sugianto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penanganan Tindak Pidana Penggelapan oleh Kejaksaan dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam
Embezzlement is an offense against property that originates from the abuse of lawful possession and trust. This study analyzes the handling of embezzlement cases by the Cirebon City District Prosecutor’s Office and compares the offense under Indonesian positive law and Islamic criminal law. It employs empirical legal research with statutory, conceptual, comparative, and institutional approaches. Primary data derive from institutional observation and an interview with a prosecutor, while secondary legal materials include the National Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Prosecutor’s Office Law, classical and contemporary Islamic legal literature, and relevant scholarly works. The data are qualitatively analyzed by examining the elements of the offense, prosecutorial stages, evidentiary requirements, asset recovery, victims’ interests, and the classification of embezzlement in Islamic law. The findings show that embezzlement under Article 486 of Law Number 1 of 2023 requires unlawful appropriation of another person’s property that was already lawfully under the offender’s control, distinguishing it from theft. Prosecutorial handling includes coordination with investigators, review of case files, pre-prosecution, receipt of suspects and evidence, indictment, trial, legal remedies, and execution. In Islamic law, embezzlement is not automatically classified as sariqah subject to hudud because possession was initially obtained without theft. Its characteristics are closer to khiyanah, ghulul, and certain forms of ghasb, making ta'zir the appropriate sanctioning framework. Effective handling should combine legal certainty, proportional punishment, restitution or asset recovery, protection of defendants’ rights, and restoration of victims’ losses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chelsa Fareza, Leliya Leliya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa dalam Penyaluran BLT Desa di Kabupaten Cirebon
Village government administration plays an important role in ensuring that Village Direct Cash Transfers are distributed accurately, promptly, transparently, and accountably. This study examines the effectiveness of village government administration in distributing Village Direct Cash Transfers in Cirebon Regency and assesses its compliance with village financial management principles and general principles of good governance. The study employed an empirical legal method using a socio-legal approach and a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis covering beneficiary data collection, verification, village deliberations, recipient determination, distribution, reporting, and supervision. The data were analyzed using indicators of targeting accuracy, timeliness, data accuracy, transparency, accountability, participation, responsiveness, and legal compliance. The findings indicate that village governments have implemented the administrative stages of cash transfer distribution, although their effectiveness remains affected by delays in data updating, potential targeting errors, limited administrative capacity, insufficient public information, and underdeveloped complaint mechanisms. The distribution process should be strengthened through layered data verification, improved staff competency, a stronger supervisory role for village consultative bodies, orderly documentation, and consistent oversight. These measures are necessary to ensure that the program complies with the principles of legal certainty, accuracy, transparency, public interest, and good public service.
Copyright (c) 2026 Della Kristi Noviyanti, Izzuddin Izzuddin, Anez Yanuar Pradini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Pengendalian Kantong Plastik melalui Peraturan Wali Kota Cirebon Nomor 5 Tahun 2022
Plastic waste has become a persistent environmental problem because of its high consumption, slow degradation, and potential impacts on ecosystems and public health. This study analyzes the legal design and effectiveness of Cirebon Mayor Regulation Number 5 of 2022 concerning the Control of Plastic Bag Use. It employs empirical legal research with statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Primary data derive from field observations and information concerning the implementation of the regulation in modern retail establishments, while secondary data consist of legislation, government documents, and scholarly literature on waste governance, environmental law, legal awareness, and plastic reduction. The data are qualitatively analyzed through legal substance, institutional implementation, target coverage, enforcement, public participation, and environmental outcomes. The findings show that the regulation has a valid legal basis and contains obligations concerning planning, education, business compliance, supervision, community participation, and administrative sanctions. Nevertheless, implementation remains suboptimal. The regulation mainly targets shopping centers and modern stores, while traditional shops and informal retailers remain outside its effective reach. Administrative sanctions are relatively weak, supervision is not systematic, and the use of environmentally friendly alternatives has not necessarily reduced total plastic waste. The study argues that effective plastic control requires broader regulatory coverage, measurable reduction targets, stronger monitoring, incentives and disincentives, extended producer responsibility, reusable packaging, public education, and periodic evaluation based on waste data.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Dysa Nurjanah, Achmad Kholik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategi KPU Meningkatkan Partisipasi Pemilih dan Mengurangi Golput dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah
Voter participation in regional head elections is central to democratic legitimacy, yet the 2024 simultaneous regional elections revealed substantial variation and participation below the national target. This study aims to formulate an institutional strategy for the General Elections Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum/KPU) to strengthen informed and inclusive voter participation while reducing involuntary and uninformed abstention. The research uses a qualitative integrative literature review. Legal documents, official KPU reports, books, and peer-reviewed articles were selected purposively from journal portals, Garuda, and official legal and electoral-document databases. The sources were analyzed thematically using the civic voluntarism model and the electoral management body perspective, focusing on resources, political engagement, mobilization, integrity, accessibility, and institutional coordination. The findings show that abstention is heterogeneous and cannot be treated solely as political apathy. Low turnout also results from administrative barriers, limited political efficacy, distrust, unequal information access, mobility constraints, and inaccessible polling services. KPU therefore needs an integrated strategy consisting of institutional integrity, segmented and continuous voter education, accessible electoral services, responsible digital communication, and multi-stakeholder collaboration supported by measurable evaluation. This study contributes the ILAK framework—integrity, literacy, accessibility, and collaboration—as a model for shifting KPU policy from event-based socialization toward a sustainable voter-participation ecosystem. The framework emphasizes that participation must be improved without coercing citizens or delegitimizing conscious political abstention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Dea Nur Indah Sari, Akhmad Shodikin, Sahrul Hanafi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peranan Advokat Dalam Menjamin Keadilan Bagi Tersangka Dalam Proses Peradilan Pidana
Artikel ini membahas sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia sering kali dihadapkan pada ketidakseimbangan antara hak negara sebagai penuntut dan hak individu sebagai tersangka, di mana akses terhadap keadilan dapat terganggu tanpa representasi hukum yang memadai. Peran advokat sebagai pembela hukum menjadi krusial dalam menjamin prinsip praduga tak bersalah, hak atas bantuan hukum, dan proses peradilan yang adil sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2004 tentang Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP), serta Konvensi Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran advokat dalam melindungi hak tersangka, mengidentifikasi tantangan seperti keterbatasan sumber daya, konflik kepentingan, dan pengaruh eksternal, serta merumuskan rekomendasi untuk penguatan etika dan kompetensi advokat.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amalia Wulandari, Edy Setyawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Keterbukaan Informasi Publik melalui Putusan Elektronik untuk Transparansi Badan Peradilan di Masyarakat Terpencil
Praktik transparansi dalam sistem peradilan Indonesia dapat dilihat dari adanya regulasi internal yang diterapkan di Mahkamah Agung serta kebijakan teknis mengenai penggunaan mekanisme pengadilan berbasis e-court. Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Agung dan lembaga peradilan di bawahnya mencerminkan penerapan sistem peradilan modern yang memanfaatkan teknologi, sejalan dengan prinsip efisiensi, kecepatan, dan biaya yang terjangkau. Terlebih lagi, pemanfaatan putusan elektronik memungkinkan masyarakat, termasuk yang tinggal di daerah terpencil, untuk mengaksesnya. Namun, masih ada tantangan seperti keterbatasan infrastruktur teknologi, koneksi internet, dan kemampuan digital di kalangan masyarakat di lokasi-lokasi terpencil. Oleh sebab itu, lembaga peradilan perlu menawarkan solusi alternatif, misalnya dengan menyediakan bantuan hukum atau mekanisme untuk meminta salinan putusan secara langsung. Dengan langkah ini, penerapan UU No. 14 Tahun 2008 melalui putusan elektronik diharapkan bisa menambah tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap lembaga peradilan serta memperkuat prinsip keterbukaan informasi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riyusi Fitriani, Jefik Zulfikar Hafizd, Am’mar Abdullah Arfan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Nomor 5 Tahun 2023 Tentang Fasilitasi Penyelenggaraan Pesantren Di Pondok Buntet Pesantren Cirebon
Upaya mendorong pesantren tentunya menjadi sangat penting untuk berkembang. Bukan saja hanya pemerintah pusat akan tetapi peran penting pemerintah daerah untuk memfokuskan keterlibatannya pada Fasilitasi Penyelenggaraan Pesantren. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Implementasi dari Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Nomor 5 Tahun 2023 tentang Fasilitasi Penyelenggaraan Pesantren. Dan berjalannya Peraturan Daerah tersebut benar-benar dijalankan atau hanya dijadikan sebagai dokumen tertulis dan menjadi arsip Kabupaten Cirebon sendiri, serta ingin melihat apa saja faktor penghambat dan pendukung dari Implementasi Peraturan Daerah tersebut terhadap Pondok Buntet Pesantren. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan jenis Kualitatif berupa studi kasus dengan pendekatan Yuridis-Empiris, Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi peraturan daerah tersebut yang ada pada lingkungan pondok Buntet Pesantren belum sepenuhnya terlaksana dengan baik dalam bentuk komunikasi, sumber daya, disposisi, dan birokrasi. Faktor hambatan dalam implementasinya yaitu seperti keterbatasan anggaran, dan kurangnya komunikasi yang efektif dengan pemerintah. Dalam faktor pendukung implementasinya yaitu seperti kesadaran dan komitmen pengasuh pesantren, partisipasi santri dan warga di pesantren, keterlibatan masyarakat, dan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusro Ramadhan, Mohamad Rana, Izzudin, Abdul Fatakh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Politik Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Negara Hukum Demokratis Indonesia
Legal policy determines the direction of lawmaking, implementation, enforcement, and institutional reform, while human rights serve as both the limit and the objective of state power. This study analyzes the relationship between legal policy and human rights within Indonesia’s democratic rule-of-law framework. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, historical, and case approaches. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 39 of 1999, Law Number 26 of 2000, the statutes ratifying the ICCPR and ICESCR, legislation on lawmaking, and Constitutional Court decisions concerning meaningful participation. Secondary materials consist of scholarly books and journal articles on legal policy, constitutionalism, and human rights. The materials are qualitatively analyzed through grammatical, systematic, historical, and teleological interpretation. The findings show that human-rights-oriented legal policy operates through four interconnected stages: norm formation based on human dignity, implementation limited by legality and proportionality, constitutional and judicial supervision, and effective remedies for victims. Indonesia has developed a relatively strong constitutional and institutional foundation, but inconsistencies remain between normative guarantees and legislative or administrative practice. Security, development, majoritarian interests, weak participation, and discriminatory enforcement may reduce substantive protection. Democratic legal policy must therefore apply constitutional review, meaningful participation, proportionality, non-discrimination, and effective remedies as mandatory standards for every public policy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajar Setiawan, Anggraeni Fuspita Dewi, Farhan Mubarok , Sugianto, Tarmudi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peran Dinas Sosial dalam Penanganan dan Pemberdayaan Fakir Miskin Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Fikih Siyasah
Kemiskinan merupakan masalah sosial yang senantiasa hadir di tengah masyarakat. Pemerintah pusat melimpahkan kewenangan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk melaksanakan urusannya daerahnya guna mempercepat terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat. Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Cirebon dibentuk untuk menjalankan kewenangan Pemda dibidang Sosial untuk menangani fakir miskin yang timbul di Kab. Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji terkait peranan Dinas Sosial dalam penanganan dan pemberdayaan fakir miskin beserta perspektif fiqh siyasah. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian lapangan dengan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Cirebon sebagai unsur pelaksana dalam urusan sosial yang menjadi kewenangan daerah dan tugas pembantuan yang diberikan kepada daerah. Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Cirebon memegang peranan yang penting dilihat keterlibatannya dalam mengatasi urusan sosial dengan menyalurkan bantuan sosial. Berdasarkan perspektif fiqh siyasah sesuai fiqh siyasah maliyah, sudah memenuhi kewajibannya sesuai peraturan yang berlaku dan sebagai penyelenggara pemerintahan yang amanah juga adil sudah memberikan kemaslahatan kepada masyarakat luas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sukma Pertiwi Lubis, Asep Saepullah, Afif Muamar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pentingnya Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Implementasi Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon Perspektif Fiqh Siyāsah
Salah satu penyebab dari kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyusunan RPJMD di Kabupaten Cirebon disebabkan oleh covid 19 yang menyebabkan kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat sehingga timbul kurang maksimal dalam menjalankan RPJMD di Kabupaten Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab dari pertanyaan yang mendasar, yaitu sejauh mana partisipasi masyarakat terhadap implementasi peraturan daerah. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) dan Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan data kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat dalam implementasi peraturan daerah nomor 7 tahun 2019 tentang rencana pembangunan jangka menengah daerah Kabupaten Cirebon dalam perspektif Fiqh Siyāsah sudah diterapkan akan tetapi, kurangnya maksimal masyarakat dalam berpartisipasinya, salah satu model partisipasi masyarakat dengan menggunakan musrenbang, pemerintah memiliki tanggung jawab yang besar dalam memastikan implementasi dan peraturan daerah berjalan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip islam, oleh sebab itu pemerintah perlu dievaluasi dalam hal sejauh mana mereka mengayomi dan melindungi masyarakat sesuai dengan ajaran islam
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Rizki Amalia, Izzuddin, Nursyamsudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Partisipasi Generasi Z di Kabupaten Bandung Pada Pemilihan Umum 2024 Menurut Undang-Undang Pemilu
Partisipasi Generasi Z dalam Pemilu 2024 untuk kali pertama di Indonesia, para pemilih akan didominasi. Berdasarkan Daftar Pemilih Tetap (DPT) Pemilu 2024 yang ditetapkan Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU), setidaknya 33,60 persen pemilih masuk kategori milenial, sedangkan Generasi Z ada sekitar 22,85 persen dari total DPT. Itu artinya, generasi tersebut mempunyai peran penting dalam pelaksanaan pemilu mendatang. Generasi Z tersebut selain dikenal lebih melek teknologi informasi, juga memiliki pandangan yang inovatif terkait berbagai isu, termasuk tentang sosial. Maka tujuan penelitian ini, adalah Untuk mengetahui pandangan generasi Z dalam pemilihan umum 2024. Untuk mengetahui antusias generasi Z dalam partisipasi pemilu 2024 serta dampak representatif politik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dimana penelitian kualitatif merupakan suatu penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada objek yang alamiah dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrumen kunci, teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara gabungan, analisis data bersifat induktif, dan hasil penelitian kualitatif lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa Generasi Z di desa lebak wangi kecamatan arjasari kabupaten bandung jawa barat cenderung mendapatkan informasi politik secara insidental dari media sosial. Setelah mendapatkan informasi dari media sosial, generasi ini selanjutnya melakukan verifikasi informasi atau pencarian kebenaran informasi di search engine atau internet. Kemudian dari search engine akan diarahkan ke media online.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Wulandari, Saiful Ansori, Akhmad Shodikin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tinjauan Politik Hukum Pembentukan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Perubahan undang-undang di Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari dimensi politik hukum, karena setiap keputusan legislasi merupakan hasil kompromi politik yang mengikat seluruh masyarakat. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pembentukan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 dalam perspektif politik hukum, sekaligus menganalisisnya dengan fiqh siyasah sebagai kerangka keislaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan (statute approach), serta mengkaji data melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, literatur akademik, serta sumber-sumber hukum Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan regulasi ini membawa sejumlah penyempurnaan, antara lain penambahan metode omnibus, penguatan partisipasi masyarakat (meaningful participation), pengaturan perundang-undangan berbasis elektronik, serta perbaikan teknik penyusunan naskah akademik dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Namun demikian, penyempurnaan ini juga menimbulkan kritik karena dinilai lebih berorientasi pada legitimasi Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja daripada memperkuat kualitas legislasi itu sendiri. Dari perspektif fiqh siyasah dusturiyah, prinsip-prinsip musyawarah dan kemaslahatan umat tercermin dalam pengaturan partisipasi masyarakat, meskipun belum sepenuhnya diwujudkan secara ideal. Dengan demikian, Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2022 dapat dipandang sebagai bentuk konsolidasi politik hukum sekaligus peluang untuk mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai Islam dalam praktik legislasi di Indonesia.
Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Jabar, Am’mar Abdullah Arfan, Ubaidillah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Pemerintahan Desa oleh Camat dalam Tinjauan PP Nomor 17 Tahun 2018 dan Fikih Siyasah
Artikel ini membahas peran camat dalam pembinaan dan pengawasan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa dengan meninjau Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan serta perspektif fikih siyasah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode yuridis empiris melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi, didukung data sekunder berupa literatur, jurnal, dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa camat memiliki kewenangan strategis dalam memberikan pembinaan administratif, pelatihan aparatur, serta pengawasan langsung maupun tidak langsung terhadap kinerja pemerintahan desa. Meskipun demikian, pelaksanaan tugas tersebut belum optimal karena masih ditemui kendala berupa keterbatasan kapasitas sumber daya manusia aparatur desa, rendahnya tingkat partisipasi masyarakat, serta hambatan infrastruktur. Dalam perspektif fikih siyasah, peran camat harus dijalankan berlandaskan asas keadilan, musyawarah, amanah, maslahah, persamaan, ketaatan kepada ulil amri, dan kebebasan yang bertanggung jawab. Dengan penerapan asas-asas tersebut, camat diharapkan mampu mewujudkan tata kelola pemerintahan desa yang adil, partisipatif, dan berorientasi pada kemaslahatan masyarakat, sehingga sejalan dengan tujuan otonomi daerah maupun prinsip syariat Islam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dila Mahfidatunnisa, Ema Nurkhaerani, Ilham Bustomi, Jefik Zulfikar Hafizd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Garut Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 Pada Badan Permusyawaratn Desa Studi Kasus di Desa Karamatwangi
Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) merupakan salah satu unsur penyelenggara pemerintah Desa yang di pilih secara demokrasi. yang disebut Badan Permusyawaratan Desa di karenakan memiliki peran penting untuk menampung aspirasi masyarakat, mengelola aspirasi masyarakat serta mengawasi kinerja kepala desa selama masa jabatannya. Fenomena yang terlihat bahwa Badan Permusyawaratan Desa belum sepenuhnya melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai tupoksi BPD. Berdasarkan fenomena yang telah di sebutkan, maka dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan tugas Badan Permusyawaratan Desa Karamatwangi Kecamatan Cisurupan Kabupaten Garut dan apa yang menjadi faktor penghambat yang dapat mempengaruhi pelaksanan tugas Badan Permusyawaratan Desa berdasarkan dari Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Garut Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 Tentang tentang Badan Permusyawaratan Desa. Metode yang digunakan penulis adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan penelitian normatif-empiris, dan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian dapat di simpulkan bahwa pertama, pelaksanaan tugas Badan Permusyawaratan Desa Karamatwangi Kecamatan Cisurupan Kabupaten Garut sebagai pelaksana legilasi belum berjalan dengan baik di karenakan oleh kesibukkan anggota BPD nya. kedua faktor sumber daya manusia dan latar pendidikan anggota BPD rendah Sehingga tidak terlalu mengetahui mengenai tentang tupoksi BPD dan yang terakhir mengenai perda nomor 4 tahun 2020 belum mengetahuinya di karenakan kurangnya komunikasi dengan anggota BPD lainnya.
Pelaksanaan Tugas Desa Karamatwangi Garut
Copyright (c) 2025 Resa Febriyanti, Rabith Madah khulaili Harsya, Ahmad Rofii (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upaya Menghidupkan Kembali Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Sebagai Pandangan Hidup Generasi Z Dalam Menghadapi Arus Globalisasi
Kedudukan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara memiliki peranan penting dan fundamental dalam mengarahkan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Semua aspek kehidupan bangsa menyangkut kehidupan politik, hukum, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya harus mengacu dan bersandar pada Pancasila. Namun, akibat dari dampak negatif arus globalisasi dapat menggeser kebudayaan lokal, akibatnya banyak generasi Z yang berperilaku tidak sejalan dengan nilai-nilai Pancasila, kondisi seperti ini sangat mengancam nilai-nilai Pancasila. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang menekankan pada data deskriptif. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi, kemudian disusun secara rinci sehingga dapat menjawab suatu permasalahan. Hasil pembahasan menunjukan bahwa upaya menghidupkan kembali nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai pandangan hidup dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan pendidikan Pancasila di lingkukangan keluarga, pendidikan Pancasila di lingkungan pendidikan, sosialisasi penguatan nilai-nilai Pancasila di lingkungan masyarakat dan menumbuhkan rasa nasionalisme melalui perayaan hari-hari besar. Faktor penghambat terhadap penanaman nilia-nilai Pancasila bagi generasi Z salah satunya yaitu ketidak pahaman terhadap cara pengimplementasian nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Arus globalisasi juga menjadi penghambat penanaman nilai-nilai Pancasila, dengan berkembangnya teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang memiliki dampak negatif dan positif. Kemajuan teknologi digunakan generasi Z untuk bermain game, sosial media, bahkan judi online. Hal tersebutlah yang menjadikan generasi Z malas untuk belajar, terkhusus belajar mengenai nilai-nilai Pancasila dan pengimplementasiannya.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fika Siti Nurfalah, Sugianto, Mohamad Rana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0